{"id":23504,"date":"2025-07-09T10:48:49","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T10:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/?p=23504"},"modified":"2025-07-09T11:17:40","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T11:17:40","slug":"algoritmicky-navrhchladicich-strukturs-vyuzitim-aditivni-vyroby","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/2025\/07\/09\/algoritmicky-navrhchladicich-strukturs-vyuzitim-aditivni-vyroby\/","title":{"rendered":"Algoritmick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh
chladic\u00edch struktur
s vyu\u017eit\u00edm aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Algoritmick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh chladic\u00edch struktur s vyu\u017eit\u00edm aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Auto\u0159i: Ing. Pavel Gruber, Ph.D., Ing. Martin G\u00e1\u0161ek, Ing. Ond\u0159ej Kurkin, Ph.D., Ing. Pavel Svoboda,
Ing. Michal Matou\u0161ek \u2013 CARDAM s.r.o., BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s., Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav AV \u010cR, v.v.i

ANOTACE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V odv\u011btv\u00edch vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed plast\u016f a sl\u00e9v\u00e1renstv\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch parametr\u016f procesu dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 bilance n\u00e1stroje. V n\u00e1stroj\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi se konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i a technologov\u00e9
v minulosti setk\u00e1vali s pot\u00ed\u017eemi p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vhodn\u00e9ho chladic\u00edho \u010di tempera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, proto\u017ee byli limitov\u00e1ni vyu\u017eit\u00edm pouze p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch, vrtan\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f. Opravdovou v\u00fdzvou jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm slo\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdlisky a odlitky. Revoluci v dan\u00e9 oblasti umo\u017enil rozvoj aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby neboli 3D tisku kov\u016f. Spole\u010dnost CARDAM s.r.o. ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let vyv\u00edj\u00ed a zdokonaluje algoritmus pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch teplosm\u011bnn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdhod aditivn\u00ed technologie maxim\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 oblasti tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje produktivitu a kvalitu v\u00fdroby. Algoritmus stav\u00ed na filozofii matematick\u00fdch TPMS struktur (Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces), jejich\u017e parametry jsou p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na simulaci teplotn\u00edho pole v n\u00e1stroji a jejich\u017e odezvu lze nastavit dle po\u017eadavk\u016f technologie. Algoritmus rovn\u011b\u017e dovede automaticky prov\u00e9st ve\u0161ker\u00fd postprocessing fin\u00e1ln\u00ed geometrie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vznikl\u00e1 data dok\u00e1\u017ee bez dal\u0161\u00edch \u00faprav rovnou zpracovat jak\u00e1koli vhodn\u00e1 tisk\u00e1rna. V\u00fdsledkem je eliminace neduh\u016f konven\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed celkov\u00e9 efektivity vst\u0159ikovac\u00edho \u010di lic\u00edho procesu. Jeliko\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o obecn\u011b vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed (tvar struktur m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vzta\u017een nap\u0159\u00edklad k pevnostn\u00ed simulaci nebo k anal\u00fdze proud\u011bn\u00ed), lze jej vyu\u017e\u00edt v mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu odleh\u010den\u00fdch komponent apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 \u00daVOD<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u010cetn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti spole\u010dnosti CARDAM s.r.o., kter\u00e1 se ve spolupr\u00e1ci se sl\u00e9v\u00e1rnou BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s. dlouhodob\u011b v\u011bnuje optimaliza\u010dn\u00edm projekt\u016fm v t\u00e9to sl\u00e9v\u00e1rn\u011b, opakovan\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroje z hlediska teplot dosahovan\u00fdch v pr\u016fb\u011bhu cyklu je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro kvalitu odlitku \u010di plastov\u00e9ho v\u00fdst\u0159iku. Z uveden\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu se lad\u011bn\u00ed teplot taveniny, cyklov\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a chlazen\u00ed\/temperace forem v\u011bnuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed. Zejm\u00e9na u tvarov\u011b komplikovan\u00fdch \u010di jinak technologicky nev\u00fdhodn\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f v\u0161ak mus\u00ed technologov\u00e9 bojovat s mno\u017estv\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch
faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 optim\u00e1ln\u00ed nastaven\u00ed procesu znesnad\u0148uj\u00ed. Ji\u017e p\u0159ed lety se proto p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu a v\u00fdrob\u011b n\u00e1stroj\u016f za\u010dala s v\u00fdhodou uplat\u0148ovat aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba. S jej\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm jsme schopni p\u0159istupovat k n\u00e1vrhu chladic\u00edch a tempera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f forem nekonven\u010dn\u011b, a to d\u00edky v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed designov\u00e9 volnosti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princip aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby neboli 3D tisku spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v postupn\u00e9m p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu po vrstv\u00e1ch a jeho spojov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze v m\u00edstech, kde je to nutn\u00e9. P\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm materi\u00e1lu se aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba v z\u00e1kladu li\u0161\u00ed od b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch subtraktivn\u00edch metod, kdy je materi\u00e1l odeb\u00edr\u00e1n (typicky obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed). Princip aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby poskytuje v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed flexibilitu z hlediska vyrobiteln\u00fdch geometri\u00ed. V sou\u010dasnosti lze tisknout \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu materi\u00e1l\u016f, a to jak polymer\u016f, tak i kov\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 vosku \u010di p\u00edsku. V n\u00e1stroja\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi lze tvarov\u00e9 flexibility vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro tvorbu tvarov\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fdch (konformn\u00edch) teplosm\u011bnn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 1: <\/strong>Aditivn\u00ed technologie DMLS, SLM (p\u0159evzato z formnext AM Field Guide 2022). <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V praxi nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aditivn\u00ed technologi\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edvanou pro v\u00fdrobu \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sl\u00e9v\u00e1rensk\u00fdch nebo plastik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch forem, je tzv. Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS); d\u00e1le pak se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Selective Laser Melting (SLM), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ob\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 metody vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho principu. Sch\u00e9ma zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 1. Kovov\u00fd materi\u00e1l (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1strojov\u00e1 ocel) v pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 form\u011b se s pomoc\u00ed st\u00edrac\u00edho b\u0159itu (recoateru) nan\u00e1\u0161\u00ed po vrstv\u00e1ch na stavebn\u00ed platformu. Tlou\u0161\u0165ka jedn\u00e9 vrstvy se pohybuje v des\u00edtk\u00e1ch \u03bcm. Nanesen\u00fd materi\u00e1l je n\u00e1sledn\u011b sintrov\u00e1n s pou\u017eit\u00edm laseru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typem konformn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed (temperace) je trasov\u00e1n\u00ed kan\u00e1lu, obvykle kruhov\u00e9ho pr\u016f\u0159ezu, kter\u00fd co nejl\u00e9pe kop\u00edruje funk\u010dn\u00ed povrch vlo\u017eky formy. N\u00e1vrh vhodn\u00e9ho kan\u00e1lu je ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e z\u00e1visl\u00fd na zku\u0161enostech konstrukt\u00e9ra n\u00e1stroje a technologa sl\u00e9v\u00e1rny \u010di vst\u0159ikovny. P\u0159\u00edklad konformn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 2. Jeho fin\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1vrh a funk\u010dnost by m\u011bl ov\u011b\u0159it vhodn\u00fd simula\u010dn\u00ed software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhodu kovov\u00e9ho 3D tisku p\u0159edstavuje jeho st\u00e1le relativn\u011b vysok\u00e1 cena. Z uveden\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu je t\u0159eba co nejefektivn\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvat materi\u00e1l a rovn\u011b\u017e zkracovat strojn\u00ed \u010dasy p\u0159i tisku, nap\u0159\u00edklad s vyu\u017eit\u00edm topologick\u00e9 optimalizace, pokud to aplikace dovol\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 2: P\u0159\u00edklad konformn\u011b chlazen\u00e9 vlo\u017eky formy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Topologick\u00e1 optimalizace je v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed algoritmus, kter\u00fd na z\u00e1klad\u011b dan\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, okrajov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a vazeb maximalizuje vyu\u017eit\u00ed materi\u00e1lu a redukuje jej v m\u00edstech, kde nen\u00ed nutn\u00fd, a to p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed funk\u010dnosti a u\u017eitn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1sti. Vznik\u00e1 tak geometrie, \u010dasto velmi voln\u00e9ho tvaru, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt standardn\u00edmi v\u00fdrobn\u00edmi technologiemi nevyrobiteln\u00e1, zat\u00edmco pro aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu takov\u00fd d\u00edl nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 TOPOLOGICKY OPTIMALIZOVAN\u00dd N\u00c1STROJ<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Spole\u010dnost CARDAM s.r.o. kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b vyv\u00edj\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed CARDAM Simul. Jde o analytick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj spojuj\u00edc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed Open Source \u0159e\u0161i\u010d\u016f p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edm algoritmem, kter\u00fd tak umo\u017e\u0148uje anal\u00fdzy multifyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00faloh. Topologick\u00e1 optimalizace, pon\u011bkud nezvykle zalo\u017een\u00e1 na metod\u011b kone\u010dn\u00fdch objem\u016f (MKO), je tak\u00e9 jednou z jeho funkcionalit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sl\u00e9v\u00e1rna BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s. oslovila CARDAM s.r.o. za \u00fa\u010delem tvorby konformn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed do n\u00e1stroje pro odlitek ze slitiny zinku. C\u00edlem bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zkr\u00e1tit dobu cyklu p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed kvality d\u00edlu. Vzhledem k pl\u00e1novan\u00e9mu nasazen\u00ed formy na stroj, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje formu o up\u00ednan\u00e9 velikosti 102×102 mm, byla zvolena aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba kompletn\u00edho n\u00e1stroje. Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f byl n\u00e1vrh podroben algoritmu topologick\u00e9 optimalizace v prost\u0159ed\u00ed CARDAM Simul. Geometrie formy sest\u00e1v\u00e1 ze dvou typ\u016f oblast\u00ed: tou prvn\u00ed jsou objemy, kter\u00e9
maj\u00ed z\u016fstat algoritmem nedot\u010deny (dutina pro odlitek, st\u0159edic\u00ed a upev\u0148ovac\u00ed body, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpojek chlazen\u00ed apod.), druhou pak tvo\u0159\u00ed objem materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt modifikov\u00e1n. Postup algoritmu je schematicky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn na obr. 3 a obr. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 4: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 topologicky optimalizovan\u00e1 geometrie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdpo\u010det prob\u00edh\u00e1 s ohledem na zadan\u00e9 okrajov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (upevn\u011bn\u00ed ve stroji, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed). Materi\u00e1l je po kroc\u00edch dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n \u010di ub\u00edr\u00e1n a p\u0159eskupov\u00e1n a\u017e do spln\u011bn\u00ed zadan\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, nap\u0159. maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed pevnosti p\u0159i dan\u00e9m objemu. Vznik\u00e1 geometrie velmi voln\u011b tvarovan\u00e1, av\u0161ak spl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na funk\u010dnost. Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar formy se podrob\u00ed detailn\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdze metodou kone\u010dn\u00fdch prvk\u016f (MKP) a kontrole sl\u00e9v\u00e1rensk\u00fdch parametr\u016f v programov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed MAGMA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takto p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 data byla postoupena aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b. Komponenty byly vyti\u0161t\u011bny z n\u00e1strojov\u00e9 oceli DIN 1.2709 technologi\u00ed DMLS na stroji EOS M290 ze strojov\u00e9ho parku sl\u00e9v\u00e1rny BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s. v z\u00e1vod\u011b Z02 Po\u0159\u00ed\u010dany. Jednu z ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch komponent, st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b na tiskov\u00e9 platform\u011b, zobrazuje obr.7. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u00e1dro formy bylo vyrobeno tzv. hybridn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem, kdy z\u00e1kladna vznikla obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00edm a pouze funk\u010dn\u00ed tvarov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st, dopln\u011bn\u00e1 o konformn\u00ed chladic\u00ed kan\u00e1ly, byla aditivn\u011b doti\u0161t\u011bna. J\u00e1dro zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 5: Aditivn\u011b vyroben\u00e1 polovina formy na tiskov\u00e9 platform\u011b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 6: N\u00e1stroj p\u0159ipraven\u00fd k nasazen\u00ed do provozu (bez j\u00e1dra)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 7: N\u00e1kres j\u00e1dra formy (hybridn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky topologick\u00e9 optimalizaci se hmotnost n\u00e1stroje sn\u00ed\u017eila o 54 % oproti pln\u00e9mu tvaru, \u010d\u00edm\u017e do\u0161lo ke zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed doby tisku o t\u0159etinu. \u010cas cyklu v\u00fdroby odlitku se zkr\u00e1til o 15 % oproti p\u0159edchoz\u00ed konven\u010dn\u011b vyroben\u00e9 form\u011b, a nav\u00edc do\u0161lo k eliminaci obvykl\u00fdch vnit\u0159n\u00edch defekt\u016f d\u00edlu, co\u017e m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jeho testovan\u00e9 \u00fanosnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 VYU\u017dIT\u00cd PROM\u011aNLIV\u00ddCH TEPLOSM\u011aNN\u00ddCH TPMS STRUKTUR<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Vedle konformn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f je d\u00edky aditivn\u00edm technologi\u00edm mo\u017eno vyu\u017e\u00edvat i sofistikovan\u00fdch strukturovan\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Spole\u010dnost CARDAM s.r.o. ve spolupr\u00e1ci se sl\u00e9v\u00e1rnou BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s. a Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fastavem AV \u010cR, v.v.i. a za podpory programu TA\u010cR Th\u00e9ta vyvinula algoritmus pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed struktur s p\u0159\u00edmou n\u00e1vaznost\u00ed na simulaci teplotn\u00edho pole formy p\u0159i odl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vznikl tak unik\u00e1tn\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu jsme schopni vytv\u00e1\u0159et syst\u00e9my tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 se chovaj\u00ed dle zadan\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f (co nejrovnom\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159enos tepla, sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed gradientu chlazen\u00ed apod.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Algoritmus stav\u00ed na matematick\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ch, tzv. Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS). Jejich v\u00fdhodou je vhodnost pro aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mo\u017enost tyto struktury definovat implicitn\u00ed funkc\u00ed. Nejd\u0159\u00edve prob\u011bhl p\u0159edv\u00fdb\u011br struktur, kdy byly tyto struktury virtu\u00e1ln\u011b testov\u00e1ny s ohledem na teplosm\u011bnn\u00e9 vlastnosti, tlakov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a mechanickou \u00fanosnost. Celkov\u011b se testovaly 3x TPMS struktury (Schwarz P, Gyroid, Diamond) a pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 lattice struktura ve variant\u011b BCC. P\u0159\u00edklady simulac\u00ed pro variantu gyroid zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00ed obr. 8 a 9. Dal\u0161\u00ed etapa simulac\u00ed se v\u011bnovala lad\u011bn\u00ed parametr\u016f v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch struktur (velikost periody, tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00fd postup se uplatnil p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b vlo\u017eky formy pro odlitek zhotoven\u00fd vysokotlak\u00fdm lit\u00edm hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 slitiny (viz obr. 10). Problematickou oblast vid\u00edme na obr. 11. Jedn\u00e1 se o m\u00edsto se slo\u017eit\u00fdm chlazen\u00edm, co\u017e vede p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k del\u0161\u00edm cyklov\u00fdm \u010das\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 8: P\u0159\u00edklad anal\u00fdzy proud\u011bn\u00ed syntetick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 9: Vizualizace souhrnn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f (perioda 6 mm, tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny 1,0 mm)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 10: Odlitek ze zkouman\u00e9 formy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 11: Problematick\u00e1 oblast z\u00e1jmu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vlo\u017eka tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed problematickou \u010d\u00e1st odlitku by se kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 velikosti neve\u0161la do stavebn\u00edho prostoru tisk\u00e1rny, a proto byla rozd\u011blena na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti. P\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b se op\u011bt uplatnil hybridn\u00ed
tisk, viz obr. 12. Doti\u0161t\u011bna byla pouze lev\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st a do vyzna\u010den\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti byla um\u00edst\u011bna chladic\u00ed struktura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 12: N\u00e1kres vlo\u017eky<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed vazby parametr\u016f struktury na teplotn\u00ed situaci v n\u00e1stroji byla provedena simulace v prost\u0159ed\u00ed OpenFOAM, kter\u00e9 je zaimplementov\u00e1no do \u0159e\u0161i\u010de CARDAM Simul. Geometrii
odlitku, p\u0159ipravenou k simulaci, v\u010detn\u011b chladic\u00edch a tempera\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 13. P\u0159estup tepla mezi formou a tekutinou v chladic\u00edch a tempera\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1lech (resp. taveninou) je reprezentov\u00e1n konvekc\u00ed na \u00farovni okrajov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, definovan\u00e9 teplotou j\u00e1dra tekutiny a koeficientem p\u0159estupu tepla. V\u00fdsledek simulace p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 obr. 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 13: Rozlo\u017een\u00ed odlitku se vtokovou soustavou a kan\u00e1ly (\u017elut\u011b je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna
oblast vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktury)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 14: V\u00fdsledky term\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy (teplota na okrajov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se dosa\u017een\u00fdch teplot byly na z\u00e1klad\u011b porovn\u00e1vac\u00edch anal\u00fdz struktur p\u0159evedeny na parametry definuj\u00edc\u00ed geometrii struktury, \u010d\u00edm\u017e je nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d objemem variov\u00e1na jej\u00ed schopnost p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et teplo. V\u00fdsledkem je spojit\u011b prom\u011bnn\u00e1 struktura (viz obr. 15 a\u017e obr. 18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 15: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 struktura, vlo\u017een\u00e1 do tisknut\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti formy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 16: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 struktura \u2013 \u0159ez y = 0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 17: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 struktura \u2013 \u0159ez y = -1 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 18: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 struktura \u2013 \u0159ez y = -2 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed CAD reprezentaci vlo\u017eky zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje obr. 19. Aditivn\u00ed technologi\u00ed byla vyhotovena pouze \u017elut\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st (hybridn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 19: V\u00fdsledn\u00fd CAD model vlo\u017eky s prom\u011bnlivou vnit\u0159n\u00ed strukturou<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Proveden\u00e9 simulace potvrzuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos strukturovan\u00e9ho chlazen\u00ed z hlediska jeho efektivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z uveden\u00fdch dat je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdrazn\u011b rychlej\u0161\u00edmu poklesu teplot na povrchu t\u011blesa, a to v tomto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b a\u017e o v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 % za stejn\u00fd \u010das, viz obr. 20 \u2013 22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 20: Teplotn\u00ed pole na povrchu
t\u011bles \u2013 t = 183 s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 21: Teplotn\u00ed pole na povrchu
t\u011bles \u2013 t = 200 s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 22: Teplotn\u00ed pole na povrchu t\u011bles \u2013 t = 250 s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fin\u00e1ln\u00ed podoba t\u011blesa, v\u010detn\u011b situace z provozu, je zachycena na obr. 23 a 24. Po 3D tisku n\u00e1sledovalo tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed (precipita\u010dn\u00ed vytvrzen\u00ed), EDM doobroben\u00ed a sl\u00edcov\u00e1n\u00ed s okol\u00edm
formy. Nasazen\u00ed v provozu potvrdilo p\u0159\u00ednos strukturovan\u00e9ho chlazen\u00ed a po odlad\u011bn\u00ed parametr\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b termovizn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed prok\u00e1zalo dobr\u00fd soulad se simulac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Obr. 23: V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 vlo\u017eka<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Obr. 24: Vlo\u017eka v provozu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
4 Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroba ji\u017e m\u00e1 v n\u00e1stroja\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Konformn\u00ed chlazen\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje bezvadnou produkci i velmi slo\u017eit\u00fdch odlitk\u016f neide\u00e1ln\u00edch tvar\u016f, a to bez jak\u00fdchkoliv kompromis\u016f; topologick\u00e1 optimalizace zase p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k ekonomi\u010dnosti v\u00fdroby takov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. V sou\u010dasnosti ji\u017e lze aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu bezpochyby doporu\u010dit jako\u017eto technologii, kterou je dobr\u00e9 m\u00edt na pam\u011bti p\u0159i konstrukci n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro z\u00e1kazn\u00edky. V\u00fdhody konformn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed jsou neoddiskutovateln\u00e9 a vhodn\u00fd postup p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu n\u00e1stroje m\u00e1 i ekonomick\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos. Vznikl\u00e9 algoritmick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se uplatn\u00ed nejen p\u0159i tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b, ale tak\u00e9 v jin\u00fdch oblastech, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu odleh\u010den\u00fdch struktur\u00e1ln\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f. Spole\u010dnost CARDAM s.r.o. disponuje siln\u00fdm know-how jak v oblasti aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby, tak i co se t\u00fd\u010de matematick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f a n\u00e1stroja\u0159stv\u00ed sl\u00e9v\u00e1rensk\u00fdch forem a forem na plasty. D\u00edky tomu m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm nab\u00eddnout komplexn\u00ed slu\u017eby nejen v oblasti n\u00e1vrhu teplosm\u011bnn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f ve form\u00e1ch, ale tak\u00e9 v oblasti aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby, v\u010detn\u011b fin\u00e1ln\u00ed realizace zak\u00e1zkov\u00fdch projekt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku si m\u016f\u017eete poslechnout na YouTube kan\u00e1lu JAN SVOBODA s.r.o. <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

www.jansvoboda.cz<\/a>
www.konfigurator.jansvoboda.cz<\/a>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Algoritmick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh chladic\u00edch struktur s vyu\u017eit\u00edm aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby Auto\u0159i: Ing. Pavel Gruber, Ph.D., Ing. Martin G\u00e1\u0161ek, Ing. Ond\u0159ej Kurkin, Ph.D., Ing. Pavel Svoboda,Ing. Michal Matou\u0161ek \u2013 CARDAM s.r.o., BENE\u0160 a L\u00c1T a.s., Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav AV \u010cR, v.v.i ANOTACE V odv\u011btv\u00edch vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed plast\u016f a sl\u00e9v\u00e1renstv\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch parametr\u016f procesu dosa\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 bilance n\u00e1stroje. V n\u00e1stroj\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi se konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i a technologov\u00e9v minulosti setk\u00e1vali s pot\u00ed\u017eemi p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vhodn\u00e9ho chladic\u00edho \u010di tempera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, proto\u017ee byli limitov\u00e1ni vyu\u017eit\u00edm pouze p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch, vrtan\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f. Opravdovou v\u00fdzvou jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm slo\u017eit\u00e9 v\u00fdlisky a odlitky. Revoluci v dan\u00e9 oblasti umo\u017enil rozvoj aditivn\u00ed v\u00fdroby neboli 3D tisku kov\u016f. Spole\u010dnost CARDAM s.r.o. ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let vyv\u00edj\u00ed a zdokonaluje algoritmus pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edch teplosm\u011bnn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdhod aditivn\u00ed technologie maxim\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f v kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 oblasti tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje produktivitu a kvalitu v\u00fdroby. Algoritmus stav\u00ed na filozofii matematick\u00fdch TPMS struktur (Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces), jejich\u017e parametry jsou p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na simulaci teplotn\u00edho pole v n\u00e1stroji a jejich\u017e odezvu lze nastavit dle po\u017eadavk\u016f technologie. Algoritmus rovn\u011b\u017e dovede automaticky prov\u00e9st ve\u0161ker\u00fd postprocessing fin\u00e1ln\u00ed geometrie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vznikl\u00e1 data dok\u00e1\u017ee bez dal\u0161\u00edch \u00faprav rovnou zpracovat jak\u00e1koli vhodn\u00e1 tisk\u00e1rna. V\u00fdsledkem je eliminace neduh\u016f konven\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed celkov\u00e9 efektivity vst\u0159ikovac\u00edho…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":23519,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23504"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23504"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23553,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23504\/revisions\/23553"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kvalitnivystrik.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}